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Indonesia sebagai negara tropis memiliki beraneka ragam tumbuhan yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebanyak-banyaknya untuk kepentingan manusia. Sejak zaman dahulu, masyarakat Indonesia telah mengenal tanaman yang mempunyai khasiat obat atau menyembuhkan berbagai macam penyakit. Saat ini, para peneliti semakin berkembang untuk mengeksplorasi bahan alami yang mempunyai aktivitas biologis yang positif bagi manusia. Berdasarkan beberapa penelitian yang telah dikembangkan, senyawa-senyawa yang memiliki potensi sebagai antioksidan umumnya merupakan senyawa flavonoid, fenolat, dan alkaloid. Metode Skrining FitokimiaSenyawa yang paling mudah ditemukan adalah flavonoid karena senyawa ini adalah kelompok senyawa fenol terbesar yang ditemukan di alam. Senyawa-senyawa ini merupakan zat warna merah, ungu, biru, dan sebagai zat berwarna kuning yang ditemukan dalam tumbuh-tumbuhan. Perkembangan pengetahuan menunjukkan bahwa flavonoid termasuk salah satu kelompok senyawa aromatik yang termasuk polifenol dan mengandung antioksidan. Oleh karena jumlahnya yang melimpah di alam, manusia lebih banyak memanfaatkan senyawa ini dibandingkan dengan senyawa lainnya sebagai antioksidan. Senyawa flavonoid adalah suatu kelompok fenol yang terbesar yang ditemukan di alam. Senyawa-senyawa ini merupakan zat warna merah, ungu dan biru dan sebagai zat warna kuning yang ditemukan dalam tumbuh-tumbuhan. Flavonoid merupakan pigmen tumbuhan dengan warna kuning, kuning jeruk, dan merah dapat ditemukan pada buah, sayuran, kacang, biji, batang, bunga, herba, rempah-rempah, serta produk pangan dan obat dari tumbuhan seperti minyak zaitun, teh, cokelat, anggur merah, dan obat herbal. Flavonoid juga dikenal sebagai vitamin P dan citrin, dan merupakan pigmen yang diproduksi oleh sejumlah tanaman sebagai warna pada bunga yang dihasilkan. Bagian tanaman yang bertugas untuk memproduksi flavonoid adalah bagian akar yang dibantu oleh rhizobia, bakteri tanah yang bertugas untuk menjaga dan memperbaiki kandungan nitrogen dalam tanah. Senyawa ini berperan penting dalam menentukan warna, rasa, bau, serta kualitas nutrisi makanan. Tumbuhan umumnya hanya menghasilkan senyawa flavonoid tertentu. Keberadaan flavonoid pada tingkat spesies, genus atau familia menunjukkan proses evolusi yang terjadi sepanjang sejarah hidupnya. Bagi tumbuhan, senyawa flavonoid berperan dalam pertahanan diri terhadap hama, penyakit, herbivori, kompetisi, interaksi dengan mikrobia, dormansi biji, pelindung terhadap radiasi sinar UV, molekul sinyal pada berbagai jalur transduksi, serta molekul sinyal pada polinasi dan fertilitas jantan. Ada juga senyawa-senyawa fenol yang berasal dari kombinasi antara kedua jalur biosintesa ini yaitu senyawa-senyawa flanonoida. Tidak ada benda yang begitu menyolok seperti flavonoida yang memberikan kontribusi keindahan dan kesemarakan pada bunga dan buah-buahan di alam. Flavin memberikan warna kuning atau jingga, antodianin memberikan warna merah, ungu atau biru, yaitu semua warna yang terdapat pada pelangi kecuali warna hijau. Secara biologis flavonoida memainkan peranan penting dalam kaitan penyerbukan tanaman oleh serangga. Epson adjustment program free download - Gimp-Print, STGS, and many more programs. |
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January 2019
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